WhiteBoard Medicine

Viral Mutation Basics - Antigenic Shift and Drift, Reassortment, Recombination | Clinical Medicine

Given all the news on Bird Flu, Influenza, COVID-19, and more, we decided to put together a quick and dirty introductory review on viral mutations to better understand these viruses.
Overview on Viral Mutation
Antigenic Drift
Genetic Reassortment and Antigenic Shift
Genetic Recombination and Antigenic Shift
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YouTube Video:
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Bird Flu H5N1 - History, Cases, Exposures, Symptoms, PPE, Mutation, Tests, Treatment | Public Health

Bird Flu H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza continues to spread in both animals and humans with severe human cases and now human death. This will be a comprehensive, evidence-based overview of all things Bird Flu. Don't miss understanding this infection, the risks, and what the future may hold.
History of Bird Flu, Mortality Rate, Current Outbreak
Human Cases, Ages, Exposures, Locations
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), Gloves, Masks
Human Symptoms of Bird Flu, Duration of Symptoms, Severity
Case Spread, Government Monitoring, Different Testing
Severity Past and Present, Variants, Mutations
Treatment, Anti-Virals, Pandemic Potential
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YouTube Video:
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Bird Flu (H5N1) Human Cases Worldwide: Latest Outbreaks and Global Impact | Public Health

Bird Flu H5N1 continues to spread with increasing human cases. Here we discuss the global impact and latest international cases.
Comprehensive Overview of Human Bird Flu Cases Internationally Since 1997
International Cases Since 2024
Countries with Human Cases Since 2003
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YouTube Video:
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First Bird Flu Death in US - How It Compares To Other Severe Bird Flu Case In Canada | Public Health

Bird Flu H5N1 continues to spread throughout North America. There have been increasing human cases, but the vast majority of them have been mild. We unfortunately though have had our first death from Bird Flu in the US. In this video we discuss this case and compare it to the only other severe case in British Columbia, Canada. The viruses share certain mutations.
Severe Canadian Case Review, Clinical Course, Testing
Comparison of US and Canadian Cases, Mutations Shared
Discussion on Mutations and their Effect
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YouTube Video:
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Respiratory Physiology Basics: Minute Ventilation and Alveolar Ventilation | Clinical Medicine

Minute ventilation, alveolar ventilation, and dead space are critical foundational concepts to understanding when working to master respiratory physiology. Learn about these critical topics in this podcast!
Minute Ventilation, Concept, Equations, Clinical Application, Practice Problem
Alveolar Ventilation, Anatomic Dead Space, Concepts, Equations with Derivations
Practice Questions Comparing the These Concepts
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YouTube Video:
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Pandemic, Epidemic, and Endemic - Basics | Clinical Medicine

Pandemic, Epidemic, and Endemic are terms thrown around frequently to describe various diseases. Understanding what these words mean and their proper use is critical to better understand risks and to accurate communicate about various diseases.
Endemic, Definition, Past Examples
Epidemic, Definition, Past Examples
Pandemic, Definition, Past Examples
Transitioning between Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic
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YouTube Video:
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H5N1 Bird Flu Human Symptoms: Bird Flu vs Traditional Flu | Public Health

In this video, we delve into the symptoms of H5N1 bird flu in humans, specifically focusing on the differences between the D1.1 (bird) and B3.13 (cow) genotypes. We compare these symptoms to traditional human influenza (flu) and explore how the H5N1 virus affects human health differently depending on its genetic strain.
We'll cover:
Key H5N1 symptoms in humans linked to the D1.1 and B3.13 genotypes.
How H5N1 differs from seasonal flu and other human influenza strains.
Insights into avian influenza and why understanding its genetic variations matters.
The role of genetic mutations in determining flu severity in humans.
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YouTube Video:
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First Human Case of Bird Flu (Genotype D1.2) Confirmed in the United Kingdom | Public Health

The United Kingdom has confirmed its first human case of Bird Flu H5N1. It was caused by the D1.2 genotype. This is different than the two main genotypes in the USA D1.1 and B3.13. They have detected the D1.2 genotype in pigs and birds though. In this video, we break down this first UK case, what is means for public health, and compare it to the genotypes circulating in the USA.
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YouTube Video:
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Blood Transfusion Advanced - Understanding Washed And Irradiated Blood | Clinical Medicine

In this podcast, we explore the crucial differences between irradiated and washed red blood cells in the context of red blood cell transfusion. Both techniques are used to prevent complications in patients, but they serve distinctly different purposes in transfusion medicine.
Background on blood transfusion, components, complications
Irradiated red blood cells, what this means, when to use it (GVHD, immunocompromised, malignancies, transplant)
Washed red blood cells, what this means, when to use it (transfusion reactions, IgA deficiency, alloimmunization, potassium loads)
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BntBJz5HXS4 
 

Bird Flu in Pets: Recognizing Symptoms in Birds, Dogs, & Cats | Public Health

In this podcast, we discuss bird flu symptoms in animals including birds, dogs, and cats. Avian influenza (bird flu H5N1) is a serious viral infection that can affect a wide range of animals. Recognizing the early signs is crucial for preventing the spread of the disease.
🦠 Bird Flu Symptoms in Birds Learn how to identify common bird flu symptoms in birds, including respiratory distress, sudden death, and changes in behavior or appearance.
🐕 Bird Flu Symptoms in Dogs Find out if dogs can get bird flu and what symptoms to look for in your pets, such as coughing, sneezing, or unusual behavior.
🐈 Bird Flu Symptoms in Cats Wondering if cats can get bird flu? We explain how the virus affects cats and the key signs that could indicate infection.
👉 Key Topics Covered What animals bird flu has infected and where.
How bird flu spreads between animals.
Preventing bird flu transmission to pets.
What to do if you suspect bird flu in your pet.
When to consult a vet for bird flu symptoms.
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YouTube Video:
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