WhiteBoard Medicine - Emergency And Critical Care

Norepinephrine is one of the most important vasopressors in emergency medicine and critical care. In this episode, we review norepinephrine with a focus on core principles, clinical applications, dosing, hemodynamic effects, receptor physiology, adverse effects, and unique bedside scenarios where norepinephrine is commonly considered.
Topics covered include:• What norepinephrine is• Norepinephrine mechanism of action• Alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2 receptor effects• Hemodynamic effects on blood pressure and cardiac output• Norepinephrine dosing considerations• Norepinephrine in septic shock• Norepinephrine in distributive shock• Norepinephrine in cardiogenic shock• Norepinephrine in hemorrhagic shock• Norepinephrine in post-intubation hypotension• Peripheral norepinephrine considerations• Norepinephrine extravasation• Norepinephrine versus epinephrine• Norepinephrine versus phenylephrine• Adverse effects and monitoring• Practical bedside applications and clinical scenarios
Watch the full video on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w13P5CZWliY 
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Patreon members receive access to:• Downloadable Study Guides• Clinical One-Pagers• Practice Questions• Mini-Courses• Comprehensive Clinical Reviews• Ad-Free Videos• Early Access Content
🌐 WhiteBoard Medicine WebsiteExplore our growing library of critical care and emergency medicine content:https://www.whiteboardmedicine.com
⚠️ Educational Disclaimer:This content is intended for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for clinical judgment, institutional protocols, specialist consultation, or individualized patient care.Full disclaimer: https://whiteboardmedicine.com/disclaimer

Dobutamine and milrinone are two commonly used inotropes with important differences in mechanism, hemodynamics, dosing, adverse effects, and clinical use. In this episode, we review the key differences between dobutamine and milrinone and how to think through inotrope selection at the bedside.
Topics covered include:• Dobutamine mechanism of action• Milrinone mechanism of action• Beta-1 agonism versus PDE-3 inhibition• Hemodynamic effects of dobutamine• Hemodynamic effects of milrinone• Effects on heart rate, contractility, and vascular tone• Pulmonary vascular resistance considerations• Renal function considerations• Common indications• Adverse effects and monitoring• Practical dobutamine versus milrinone comparison
Watch the full video on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDHbQxwMYIA 
📚 Want More Emergency & Critical Care Medicine Education?Join the WhiteBoard Medicine Patreon community:https://www.patreon.com/WhiteBoardMedicine
Patreon members receive access to:• Downloadable Study Guides• Clinical One-Pagers• Practice Questions• Mini-Courses• Comprehensive Clinical Reviews• Ad-Free Videos• Early Access Content
🌐 WhiteBoard Medicine WebsiteExplore our growing library of critical care and emergency medicine content:https://www.whiteboardmedicine.com
⚠️ Educational Disclaimer:This content is intended for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for clinical judgment, institutional protocols, specialist consultation, or individualized patient care.Full disclaimer: https://whiteboardmedicine.com/disclaimer

The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is a foundational concept for understanding oxygen binding, oxygen unloading, hemoglobin saturation, P50, left and right shifts, oxygen content, oxygen delivery, and clinical oxygenation. In this masterclass episode, we bring together the core physiology and advanced applications of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, including the Bohr effect, 2,3-BPG, anemia, sepsis, shock, and tissue oxygen delivery.
Topics covered include:• What the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is• Hemoglobin saturation and PaO2• Oxygen binding and oxygen unloading• Sigmoidal shape of the curve• Hemoglobin oxygen affinity• P50 and what it means• Left shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin curve• Right shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin curve• Temperature, pH, CO2, and 2,3-BPG• Bohr effect and oxygen unloading• Oxygen content and the CaO2 equation• Oxygen delivery and the DO2 equation• Relationship between hemoglobin, saturation, PaO2, and cardiac output• Oxygen delivery in anemia• Oxygen delivery in sepsis and shock• Tissue oxygen extraction and oxygen consumption• Practical clinical applications in critical care
Watch the full video on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JoLafLHdQss 
📚 Join the WhiteBoard Medicine Patreon Communityhttps://www.patreon.com/WhiteBoardMedicine
Join a growing emergency medicine, critical care, and resuscitation education community built around high-yield clinical learning.
Patreon members get access to:• Comprehensive Study Guides• Bedside One-Pagers• Clinical Reviews• Mini-Courses• Practice Questions• Ad-Free Videos• Structured Topic Collections
🌐 WhiteBoard Medicine WebsiteExplore our growing library of critical care and emergency medicine content:https://www.whiteboardmedicine.com
⚠️ Educational Disclaimer:This content is intended for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for clinical judgment, institutional protocols, specialist consultation, or individualized patient care.Full disclaimer: https://whiteboardmedicine.com/disclaimer

Norepinephrine, vasopressin, and epinephrine are three of the most commonly used vasopressors in emergency medicine and critical care. In this episode, we review how these ICU vasopressors work, their receptor effects, hemodynamic profiles, common indications, dosing considerations, adverse effects, and practical bedside differences.
Topics covered include:• What vasopressors are• Vasopressors and shock physiology• Norepinephrine mechanism of action• Norepinephrine receptor effects• Norepinephrine indications and hemodynamics• Vasopressin mechanism of action• Vasopressin receptor effects• Vasopressin indications and hemodynamics• Epinephrine mechanism of action• Epinephrine receptor effects• Epinephrine indications and hemodynamics• Comparing norepinephrine, vasopressin, and epinephrine• Vasopressor dosing considerations• Adverse effects and monitoring• Practical ICU and emergency medicine applications
Watch the full video on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCkYZ8UZ5Co 
📚 Join the WhiteBoard Medicine Patreon Communityhttps://www.patreon.com/WhiteBoardMedicine
Join a growing emergency medicine, critical care, and resuscitation education community built around high-yield clinical learning.
Patreon members get access to:• Comprehensive Study Guides• Bedside One-Pagers• Clinical Reviews• Mini-Courses• Practice Questions• Ad-Free Videos• Structured Topic Collections
🌐 WhiteBoard Medicine WebsiteExplore our growing library of critical care and emergency medicine content:https://www.whiteboardmedicine.com
⚠️ Educational Disclaimer:This content is intended for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for clinical judgment, institutional protocols, specialist consultation, or individualized patient care.Full disclaimer: https://whiteboardmedicine.com/disclaimer

The 12-lead ECG is a foundational tool for evaluating cardiac rhythm, conduction, ischemia, chamber enlargement, and structural heart disease. In this episode, we review a structured approach to ECG interpretation, including cardiac axis, PR/QRS/QT intervals, bundle branch blocks, left ventricular hypertrophy, and practical pattern recognition.
THIS TRANSLATES MUCH BETTER TO VIDEO FORMAT, LINK TO VIDEO BELOW.
Topics covered include:• How to approach the 12-lead ECG• Rate, rhythm, and regularity• P waves and atrial activity• PR interval interpretation• QRS duration and morphology• QT interval and QTc assessment• Cardiac axis interpretation• Left axis deviation and right axis deviation• Bundle branch blocks• Right bundle branch block• Left bundle branch block• Fascicular blocks and conduction disease• Left ventricular hypertrophy• Voltage criteria and repolarization changes• ST segments and T waves• Practical ECG interpretation workflow• Common pitfalls in ECG interpretation
Watch the full video on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKYF-LLM1u8 
📚 Join the WhiteBoard Medicine Patreon Communityhttps://www.patreon.com/WhiteBoardMedicine
Join a growing emergency medicine, critical care, and resuscitation education community built around high-yield clinical learning.
Patreon members get access to:• Comprehensive Study Guides• Bedside One-Pagers• Clinical Reviews• Mini-Courses• Practice Questions• Ad-Free Videos• Structured Topic Collections
🌐 WhiteBoard Medicine WebsiteExplore our growing library of critical care and emergency medicine content:https://www.whiteboardmedicine.com
⚠️ Educational Disclaimer:This content is intended for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for clinical judgment, institutional protocols, specialist consultation, or individualized patient care.Full disclaimer: https://whiteboardmedicine.com/disclaimer

Tumor lysis syndrome is an oncologic emergency caused by rapid tumor cell breakdown and release of intracellular contents into the bloodstream. In this episode, we review the pathophysiology, risk factors, laboratory abnormalities, diagnostic criteria, prevention, and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome.
Topics covered include:• What tumor lysis syndrome is• Why tumor lysis syndrome occurs• High-risk cancers and clinical risk factors• Hyperkalemia• Hyperphosphatemia• Hypocalcemia• Hyperuricemia• Acute kidney injury• Cairo-Bishop diagnostic criteria• Laboratory monitoring and risk stratification• IV fluids and prevention strategies• Allopurinol and rasburicase• Management of electrolyte abnormalities• Renal replacement therapy considerations• Practical emergency and critical care considerations
Watch the full video on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPippZYtK54 
📚 Join the WhiteBoard Medicine Patreon Communityhttps://www.patreon.com/WhiteBoardMedicine
Join a growing emergency medicine, critical care, and resuscitation education community built around high-yield clinical learning.
Patreon members get access to:• Comprehensive Study Guides• Bedside One-Pagers• Clinical Reviews• Mini-Courses• Practice Questions• Ad-Free Videos• Structured Topic Collections
🌐 WhiteBoard Medicine WebsiteExplore our growing library of critical care and emergency medicine content:https://www.whiteboardmedicine.com
⚠️ Educational Disclaimer:This content is intended for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for clinical judgment, institutional protocols, specialist consultation, or individualized patient care.Full disclaimer: https://whiteboardmedicine.com/disclaimer

The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is a foundational concept for understanding oxygen binding, oxygen unloading, hypoxemia, and tissue oxygen delivery. In this episode, we review what the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve represents, how hemoglobin saturation relates to PaO2, what P50 means, and how left and right shifts change hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen.
Topics covered include:• What the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is• Hemoglobin saturation and PaO2• Oxygen binding and oxygen unloading• Why the curve has a sigmoidal shape• Hemoglobin affinity for oxygen• P50 and what it means• Left shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin curve• Right shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin curve• Temperature, pH, CO2, and 2,3-BPG• How left shift affects oxygen unloading• How right shift affects oxygen unloading• Clinical relevance of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve• Practical interpretation of oxygen saturation and PaO2
Watch the full video on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioZCpTEfpN8 
📚 Join the WhiteBoard Medicine Patreon Communityhttps://www.patreon.com/WhiteBoardMedicine
Join a growing emergency medicine, critical care, and resuscitation education community built around high-yield clinical learning.
Patreon members get access to:• Comprehensive Study Guides• Bedside One-Pagers• Clinical Reviews• Mini-Courses• Practice Questions• Ad-Free Videos• Structured Topic Collections
🌐 WhiteBoard Medicine WebsiteExplore our growing library of critical care and emergency medicine content:https://www.whiteboardmedicine.com
⚠️ Educational Disclaimer:This content is intended for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for clinical judgment, institutional protocols, specialist consultation, or individualized patient care.Full disclaimer: https://whiteboardmedicine.com/disclaimer

The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is a foundational concept for understanding oxygen binding, oxygen unloading, hypoxemia, and tissue oxygen delivery. In this episode, we review what the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve represents, how hemoglobin saturation relates to PaO2, what P50 means, and how left and right shifts change hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen.
Topics covered include:• What the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is• Hemoglobin saturation and PaO2• Oxygen binding and oxygen unloading• Why the curve has a sigmoidal shape• Hemoglobin affinity for oxygen• P50 and what it means• Left shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin curve• Right shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin curve• Temperature, pH, CO2, and 2,3-BPG• How left shift affects oxygen unloading• How right shift affects oxygen unloading• Clinical relevance of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve• Practical interpretation of oxygen saturation and PaO2
Watch the full video on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhfGv85TwfI 
📚 Join the WhiteBoard Medicine Patreon Communityhttps://www.patreon.com/WhiteBoardMedicine
Join a growing emergency medicine, critical care, and resuscitation education community built around high-yield clinical learning.
Patreon members get access to:• Comprehensive Study Guides• Bedside One-Pagers• Clinical Reviews• Mini-Courses• Practice Questions• Ad-Free Videos• Structured Topic Collections
🌐 WhiteBoard Medicine WebsiteExplore our growing library of critical care and emergency medicine content:https://www.whiteboardmedicine.com
⚠️ Educational Disclaimer:This content is intended for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for clinical judgment, institutional protocols, specialist consultation, or individualized patient care.Full disclaimer: https://whiteboardmedicine.com/disclaimer

Volume control and pressure control are two of the most important mechanical ventilation modes used in critical care. In this episode, we review the physiologic principles behind both modes, explain how ventilator settings influence pressure, flow, and tidal volume, interpret ventilator scalars and waveforms, and compare the advantages, limitations, and bedside applications of each mode.
Topics covered include:• Foundations of controlled mechanical ventilation• Mandatory breaths and ventilator modes• Volume control ventilation principles• Volume control ventilator settings• Tidal volume, respiratory rate, PEEP, FiO₂, and inspiratory flow• Pressure, flow, and volume scalars in volume control• Peak pressure and plateau pressure interpretation• Pressure control ventilation principles• Pressure control ventilator settings• Inspiratory pressure, inspiratory time, respiratory rate, PEEP, and FiO₂• Pressure, flow, and volume scalars in pressure control• Delivered tidal volume in pressure control ventilation• Effects of lung compliance and airway resistance• Comparing volume control versus pressure control• Advantages and limitations of each ventilation mode• Practical bedside applications in respiratory failure and critical care
Watch the full video on YouTube:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cVgxMkiI6Y 
📚 Join the WhiteBoard Medicine Patreon Communityhttps://www.patreon.com/WhiteBoardMedicine
Join a growing emergency medicine, critical care, and resuscitation education community built around high-yield clinical learning.
Patreon members get access to:• Comprehensive Study Guides• Bedside One-Pagers• Clinical Reviews• Mini-Courses• Practice Questions• Ad-Free Videos• Structured Topic Collections
🌐 WhiteBoard Medicine WebsiteExplore our growing library of critical care and emergency medicine content:https://www.whiteboardmedicine.com
⚠️ Educational Disclaimer:This content is intended for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for clinical judgment, institutional protocols, specialist consultation, or individualized patient care.Full disclaimer: https://whiteboardmedicine.com/disclaimer

Dead space ventilation is a foundational concept in pulmonary physiology and mechanical ventilation. In this episode, we review anatomic dead space, alveolar dead space, physiologic dead space, and how dead space relates to ventilation-perfusion mismatch, shunt physiology, CO2 clearance, respiratory failure, and bedside clinical interpretation.
Topics covered include:• What dead space ventilation means• Anatomic dead space• Alveolar dead space• Physiologic dead space• Ventilation without effective gas exchange• Relationship between dead space and CO2 clearance• High V/Q physiology• Dead space versus V/Q mismatch• Dead space versus pulmonary shunt• How pulmonary embolism increases dead space• Dead space in ARDS and critical illness• Dead space in mechanical ventilation• Minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation• Practical applications in respiratory failure and critical care
Watch the full video on YouTube:[YouTube link]
📚 Join the WhiteBoard Medicine Patreon Communityhttps://www.patreon.com/WhiteBoardMedicine
Join a growing emergency medicine, critical care, and resuscitation education community built around high-yield clinical learning.
Patreon members get access to:• Comprehensive Study Guides• Bedside One-Pagers• Clinical Reviews• Mini-Courses• Practice Questions• Ad-Free Videos• Structured Topic Collections
🌐 WhiteBoard Medicine WebsiteExplore our growing library of critical care and emergency medicine content:https://www.whiteboardmedicine.com
⚠️ Educational Disclaimer:This content is intended for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for clinical judgment, institutional protocols, specialist consultation, or individualized patient care.Full disclaimer: https://whiteboardmedicine.com/disclaimer