WhiteBoard Medicine - Emergency And Critical Care

Passive Leg Raise (PLR) Explained | Fluid Responsiveness & Bedside Tips

The Passive Leg Raise (PLR) test is one of the most reliable and safest ways to assess fluid responsiveness at the bedside — without giving unnecessary IV fluids. By mobilizing ~300–500 mL of venous blood centrally, PLR provides a reversible preload challenge that can guide resuscitation in critically ill patients.
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In this episode, we cover: What the Passive Leg Raise test is and how it works 🧠 Step-by-step guide on how to perform PLR correctly 🛠️ What constitutes a positive PLR response (SV/CO ↑ ≥10–15%) 📊 When PLR is most useful (shock, septic patients, weaning pressors, high-risk fluid cases) ✅ Contraindications and pitfalls 🚫 Evidence base supporting PLR vs. static measures like CVP and IVC ultrasound 📚 Clinical pearls and board-style practice questions 📝
Link to video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5Y6i62fCc0 
DISCLAIMER THIS PODCAST DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. The information, including but not limited to, audio, text, graphics, images and other material contained on this website are for informational purposes only. No material on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment and before undertaking a new health care regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read, watched, or listened to on this video, or any other videos, reports, texts tweets or other sources.

Pulse Pressure Variation (PPV) Explained | Fluid Responsiveness & Bedside Tips

Pulse Pressure Variation (PPV) is one of the most reliable bedside tools for assessing fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. Unlike static measures such as CVP, PPV uses arterial waveform analysis to predict whether a patient will benefit from fluids.
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In this episode, we cover: What PPV is and the physiology behind it 🫀 Step-by-step method to calculate PPV from the arterial line 🧮 Clinical thresholds: ≥13%, ≤9%, and the “gray zone” 📊 The tidal volume challenge and adjunct tests (PLR, mini-fluid challenge) Strengths, pitfalls, and when PPV is unreliable ⚠️ Evidence from meta-analyses and sepsis guidelines A quick bedside algorithm for real-world use 🔀 3 board-style practice questions (beginner to advanced) 📝
Link to video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hgBYp7U6skY
DISCLAIMER THIS PODCAST DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. The information, including but not limited to, audio, text, graphics, images and other material contained on this website are for informational purposes only. No material on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment and before undertaking a new health care regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read, watched, or listened to on this video, or any other videos, reports, texts tweets or other sources.

Sympathomimetic Toxicity Explained | Cocaine, Meth, MDMA & Stimulant Overdose

Sympathomimetic toxicity is a common emergency medicine presentation, often caused by cocaine, methamphetamine, MDMA, and stimulant medications. These cases can mimic other toxidromes and may progress to life-threatening hyperthermia, arrhythmias, seizures, or multi-organ failure.
📚 MINI COURSES, STUDY GUIDES, PRACTICE QUESTIONS, AD FREE VIDEOS, EDUCATIONAL DISCUSSIONS in our WBM Emergency Critical Care Patreon Community - Join Today!! https://www.patreon.com/c/WhiteBoardMedicine
In this video, we cover: What sympathomimetics are and common agents (cocaine, meth, MDMA, stimulants) 💊 Mechanism of toxicity: catecholamine excess (NE, dopamine, serotonin) 🔬 Clinical presentation: agitation, tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis, chest pain, seizures 🩺 Diagnostic workup and differentiating from anticholinergic toxidrome ED/ICU management: benzodiazepines first line, cooling, fluids, avoid pure β blockers 🚑 Complications: rhabdomyolysis, hyperthermia, ACS, stroke, hyponatremia Prognosis, pearls, and practice questions for learners
Link To Video Version:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL_YJ6oOZNY
DISCLAIMER THIS PODCAST DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. The information, including but not limited to, audio, text, graphics, images and other material contained on this website are for informational purposes only. No material on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment and before undertaking a new health care regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read, watched, or listened to on this video, or any other videos, reports, texts tweets or other sources.

Beta Blocker Overdose BB OD Explained | Toxicity, Management & Antidotes

Beta blocker overdose is one of the most dangerous cardiovascular emergencies, leading to bradycardia, hypotension, seizures, and cardiogenic shock. Agents like propranolol, metoprolol, carvedilol, and atenolol can cause life-threatening toxicity, especially with ER formulations or co-ingestions.
📚 MINI COURSES, STUDY GUIDES, PRACTICE QUESTIONS, AD FREE VIDEOS, EDUCATIONAL DISCUSSIONS in our WBM Emergency Critical Care Patreon Community - Join Today!! https://www.patreon.com/c/WhiteBoardMedicine
In this podcast, we cover: What beta blockers are and why overdoses are so dangerous 💊 Mechanisms of toxicity: β1/β2 blockade, sodium channel blockade, lipophilicity, and QT prolongation 🔬 Clinical presentation: bradycardia, shock, seizures, bronchospasm, hypoglycemia 🩺 Emergency management: airway/IV access, glucagon, HIET (high-dose insulin therapy), vasopressors, sodium bicarbonate, lipid emulsion, ECMO 🚑 Diagnostic workup and monitoring strategies in the ED/ICU Prognosis, pearls, and practice questions for learners
Link To Video Version:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2zwZl323j0
DISCLAIMER THIS PODCAST DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. The information, including but not limited to, audio, text, graphics, images and other material contained on this website are for informational purposes only. No material on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment and before undertaking a new health care regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read, watched, or listened to on this video, or any other videos, reports, texts tweets or other sources.

Shock Index Made Easy ⚡ | Trauma, Sepsis, Pregnancy & Critical Care Applications

The Shock Index (SI) is one of the simplest but most powerful bedside tools in emergency medicine and critical care. Defined as heart rate divided by systolic blood pressure (HR ÷ SBP), SI often outperforms vital signs alone for detecting occult shock.
📚 MINI COURSES, STUDY GUIDES, PRACTICE QUESTIONS, AD FREE VIDEOS, EDUCATIONAL DISCUSSIONS in our WBM Emergency Critical Care Patreon Community - Join Today!! https://www.patreon.com/c/WhiteBoardMedicine
Link To Video Version: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0CoHL94ALB4
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DISCLAIMER THIS PODCAST DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. The information, including but not limited to, audio, text, graphics, images and other material contained on this website are for informational purposes only. No material on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment and before undertaking a new health care regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read, watched, or listened to on this video, or any other videos, reports, texts tweets or other sources.

Sepsis & Septic Shock Explained | Pathophysiology, Phenotypes & More 🦠

Sepsis and septic shock remain some of the most critical conditions in emergency medicine and critical care. 🦠 In this video, we start with the basics of sepsis and septic shock before moving into more advanced topics: sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, sepsis pathophysiology, and sepsis phenotypes. Learn how to recognize, understand, and manage sepsis from the ground up.
📚 MINI COURSES, STUDY GUIDES, PRACTICE QUESTIONS, AD FREE VIDEOS, EDUCATIONAL DISCUSSIONS in our WBM Emergency Critical Care Patreon Community - Join Today!! https://www.patreon.com/c/WhiteBoardMedicine
Timestamps: 0:00 - 22:01 - Sepsis Basic Concepts 20:02 - 45:44 - Septic Shock Overview 45:45 - 1:03:25 - Septic Shock Advanced Pathophysiology 1:03:26 - 1:25:09 - Sepsis Induced Cardiomyopathy (SICM) 1:25:10 - 1:41:23 - Sepsis Phenotypes
Link to YouTube Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6eq1MoOUCs
DISCLAIMER THIS PODCAST DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. The information, including but not limited to, audio, text, graphics, images and other material contained on this website are for informational purposes only. No material on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment and before undertaking a new health care regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read, watched, or listened to on this video, or any other videos, reports, texts tweets or other sources.

Mastering Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure – ABG, VBG, Aa Gradient, Chest Xray, Interpretation

In this episode, we break down how to approach acute hypoxemic respiratory failure at the bedside. You’ll learn step-by-step interpretation of arterial blood gases (ABG), venous blood gases (VBG), alveolar-arterial (Aa) gradient, and using the chest x-ray and ABG to diagnose the cause. We’ll cover the physiology, practical interpretation pearls, and common pitfalls so you can confidently apply this knowledge in the ICU, ED, or wards.
Link To YouTube Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-6Qn5dmyxU
📚 MINI COURSES, STUDY GUIDES, PRACTICE QUESTIONS, AD FREE VIDEOS, EDUCATIONAL DISCUSSIONS in our WBM Emergency Critical Care Patreon Community - Join Today!! https://www.patreon.com/c/WhiteBoardMedicine
Timestamps: 0:00 - 15:02 - Arterial Blood Gas Sampling and Analysis 15:03 - 30:14 - Venous Blood Gas Sampling and Analysis 30:15 - 42:22 - Using, Calculating, and Understanding the Aa Gradient 42:23 - 53:32 - Diagnosing Cause of Hypoxemia Using ABG and CXR
DISCLAIMER THIS PODCAST DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. The information, including but not limited to, audio, text, graphics, images and other material contained on this website are for informational purposes only. No material on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment and before undertaking a new health care regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read, watched, or listened to on this video, or any other videos, reports, texts tweets or other sources.

Cardiac Physiology Made Simple | Pressures, Output, Preload & More 🫀

Master the fundamentals of cardiac physiology — from chamber pressures and cardiac output to preload, afterload, contractility, and the Fick equation. 🫀 This episode breaks down complex hemodynamics and devices into simple, high-yield concepts for exams and bedside care. Perfect for medical students, residents, fellows, nurses, physiologists, and clinicians in emergency medicine, critical care, and cardiology.
📚 MINI COURSES, STUDY GUIDES, PRACTICE QUESTIONS, AD FREE VIDEOS, EDUCATIONAL DISCUSSIONS in our WBM Emergency Critical Care Patreon Community - Join Today!! https://www.patreon.com/c/WhiteBoardMedicine
Timestamps: 0:00 - 9:46 - Cardiac Chamber Pressures, Pulmonary Artery Catheters, Central Venous Catheters 9:47 - 36:46- Cardiac Output, Heart Rate, Preload, Contractility, Afterload 36:47 - 51:37 - Fick Equation, Explanation, Derivation
Link to YouTube Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrVITCyZhzk
DISCLAIMER THIS PODCAST DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. The information, including but not limited to, audio, text, graphics, images and other material contained on this website are for informational purposes only. No material on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment and before undertaking a new health care regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read, watched, or listened to on this video, or any other videos, reports, texts tweets or other sources.

Mastering Mechanical Ventilation - Peak, Plateau, and Driving Pressures

Master the key pressures in mechanical ventilation: peak inspiratory pressure, plateau pressure, and driving pressure. In this episode, we break down what each pressure means, how to measure them, and why they’re critical for managing patients in the ICU and emergency department. Perfect for medical students, residents, critical care fellows, respiratory therapists, emergency nurses, critical care nurse, and anyone preparing for exams. 🚑🫁
📚 MINI COURSES, STUDY GUIDES, PRACTICE QUESTIONS, AD FREE VIDEOS, EDUCATIONAL DISCUSSIONS in our WBM Emergency Critical Care Patreon Community - Join Today!! https://www.patreon.com/c/WhiteBoardMedicine
Timestamps: 0:00 - 12:31 - Defining peak and plateau pressures, how to measure, what is normal 12:32 - 20:37 - High peak/high plateau, high peak/low plateau, comparison, differential diagnosis 20:38 - 22:40 - Waveform analysis, measurement, inspiratory hold 22:41 - 37:40 - Driving pressure, definition, calculation, use, optimization
Link To YouTube Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXlDUMbSjrY
DISCLAIMER THIS VIDEO DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. The information, including but not limited to, text, graphics, images and other material contained on this website are for informational purposes only. No material on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment and before undertaking a new health care regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read, watched, or listened to on this video, or any other videos, reports, texts tweets or other sources.

Mechanical Circulatory Support Explained: LVAD, IABP, and ECMO | Critical Care Guide

Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) is a cornerstone of modern critical care, cardiology, and cardiac surgery. In this episode, we review the most important devices — LVADs, intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), and ECMO — with a focus on when and how they’re used.
📌 What’s covered in this video: Basics of mechanical circulatory support (MCS). LVAD (Left Ventricular Assist Device): how it works, indications, complications, alarms, suction events. IABP (Intra-aortic Balloon Pump): mechanism, timing, clinical pearls. ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation): types (VA vs VV), patient selection, and troubleshooting. Practical ICU and ED applications.
📖 More Resources Download study guides, infographics, and practice questions here: https://www.patreon.com/collection/1443765
Timestamps:
Chapter 1 (0:00 - 33:37) - LVAD Anatomy, Physiology, Indications, Contraindications, Evaluation, Complications
Chapter 2 (33:38 - 47:17) - LVAD Alarms Flow, Power, Pulsatility Index
Chapter 3 (47:18 - 57:52) - LVAD Suction Events
Chapter 4 (57:53 - 01:19:15) - IABP Placement, Waveforms, Hemodynamics, Indications, Complications
Chapter 5 (01:19:16 - 01:53:53) - ECMO Principles, Types, Anatomy, Indications, Complications
Link to YouTube Video: 
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👇DON'T MISS OUT - JOIN OUR PATREON COMMUNITY TODAY 👇 https://www.patreon.com/WhiteBoardMedicine
DISCLAIMER THIS PODCAST DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. The information, including but not limited to, audio, text, graphics, images and other material contained on this website are for informational purposes only. No material on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment and before undertaking a new health care regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read, watched, or listened to on this video, or any other videos, reports, texts tweets or other sources.