WhiteBoard Medicine

Bird Flu H5N1 - Overview and New Concerning Mutations | Public Health

Bird Flu H5N1 (HPAI) Virus has been continuing to evolve with more human cases and a growing concern from the larger infectious disease community about new human cases. In this video, we dive into new mutations found in a teenager infected with Bird Flu and what it may mean for the risk of an outbreak in the future.
Overview: origin of Bird Flu, historic cases, spread into cattle, human cases, viral presence in milk, population seropositivity, and more).
Canadian teenager without previous exposure critically ill with Bird Flu.
Canadian teenager found to have viral mutation PB2 E627K and also found in one other Texas man.
What is PB2 in Bird Flu viruses?
PB2 E627K has evolved in past in a human infected with Bird Flu.
PB2 E627K present in 70% of cases in previous Chinese outbreak that had ~40% mortality and responsible for increased replication, pathogenicity, and spread.
PB2 mutations may help virus infect human lung epithelial cells.
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YouTube Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVhN_BIBPfY 
 

H5N1 Bird Flu Found In A Pig - Virologists Voicing Concern | Public Health

H5N1 Bird Flu has been taking up more and more of the news cycle. One of the most recent findings was that it was found in a pig. This is of particular concern and significance given pigs are considered "mixing vessels" for influenza viruses. Check out the podcast for more about this!
Situation, Found in Pig in Oregon.
Pigs as Mixing Vessels, Bird and Human Viral Receptors.
N-Acetylneuraminic-Acid 2,6-Galactose vs 2,3-Galactose in Humans, Birds, and Pigs.
Bird and Human Flu Genetic Reassortment and Recombination in Pigs.
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YouTube Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLHfwpTQo0g 
 

End Tidal Capnography Waveform Basics - Measurement, Physiology, Application | Clinical Medicine

End tidal capnography is a staple of many medical specialties and holds much more information than we typically give it credit for. Start to master this topic today!
Measuring, Mechanism and Physiology Contributing.
Applications for End Tidal Capnography.
Waveform Analysis Basics.
Waveform Practice.
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YouTube Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFuy8P7OiBE 
 

End Tidal Capnography (CO2) Waveform Analysis Advanced - Obstruction | Clinical Medicine

End tidal capnography or end tidal CO2 is a critical part of many medical specialties and one that is often under utilized. Waveform analysis is the pillar of this. Start to master this topic today!
Review of Normal End Tidal Waveform
Obstructive Disease Waveform Analysis, Causes, Morphology
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YouTube Vide:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMtq6eGgvZw 
 

Bird Flu H5N1 - Infecting Cats Transmission to Humans | Public Health

Bird Flu H5N1 continues to make headlines now being found infecting a number of domesticated cats with transmission from contaminated cat food and raw milk to the domesticated cats. Can this lead to transmission from cats to humans?
Domestic Cat Caught Bird Flu from Contaminated Cat Food
Other Domestic Cat Cases
Can Bird Flu be Transmitted from Cats to Humans?
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YouTube Video:
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Viral Mutation Basics - Antigenic Shift and Drift, Reassortment, Recombination | Clinical Medicine

Given all the news on Bird Flu, Influenza, COVID-19, and more, we decided to put together a quick and dirty introductory review on viral mutations to better understand these viruses.
Overview on Viral Mutation
Antigenic Drift
Genetic Reassortment and Antigenic Shift
Genetic Recombination and Antigenic Shift
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YouTube Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qdBhBoEjSE 
 

Bird Flu H5N1 - History, Cases, Exposures, Symptoms, PPE, Mutation, Tests, Treatment | Public Health

Bird Flu H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza continues to spread in both animals and humans with severe human cases and now human death. This will be a comprehensive, evidence-based overview of all things Bird Flu. Don't miss understanding this infection, the risks, and what the future may hold.
History of Bird Flu, Mortality Rate, Current Outbreak
Human Cases, Ages, Exposures, Locations
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), Gloves, Masks
Human Symptoms of Bird Flu, Duration of Symptoms, Severity
Case Spread, Government Monitoring, Different Testing
Severity Past and Present, Variants, Mutations
Treatment, Anti-Virals, Pandemic Potential
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YouTube Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gem-gOZM6kM 
 

Bird Flu (H5N1) Human Cases Worldwide: Latest Outbreaks and Global Impact | Public Health

Bird Flu H5N1 continues to spread with increasing human cases. Here we discuss the global impact and latest international cases.
Comprehensive Overview of Human Bird Flu Cases Internationally Since 1997
International Cases Since 2024
Countries with Human Cases Since 2003
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YouTube Video:
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First Bird Flu Death in US - How It Compares To Other Severe Bird Flu Case In Canada | Public Health

Bird Flu H5N1 continues to spread throughout North America. There have been increasing human cases, but the vast majority of them have been mild. We unfortunately though have had our first death from Bird Flu in the US. In this video we discuss this case and compare it to the only other severe case in British Columbia, Canada. The viruses share certain mutations.
Severe Canadian Case Review, Clinical Course, Testing
Comparison of US and Canadian Cases, Mutations Shared
Discussion on Mutations and their Effect
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YouTube Video:
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Respiratory Physiology Basics: Minute Ventilation and Alveolar Ventilation | Clinical Medicine

Minute ventilation, alveolar ventilation, and dead space are critical foundational concepts to understanding when working to master respiratory physiology. Learn about these critical topics in this podcast!
Minute Ventilation, Concept, Equations, Clinical Application, Practice Problem
Alveolar Ventilation, Anatomic Dead Space, Concepts, Equations with Derivations
Practice Questions Comparing the These Concepts
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YouTube Video:
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