WhiteBoard Medicine - Emergency And Critical Care

Cardiac Output Advanced - Fick Equation Deriving, Applying, And Understanding | Clinical Medicine

In this podcast we will discuss cardiac output and the FICK equation. We will begin by discussing cardiac output both as a concept and as an equation related to heart rate and stroke volume. We will discuss the normal cardiac output, cardiac index, and stroke volume. We will then dive into how to clinically derive the cardiac output using different clinical parameters. This will transition into the FICK equation. We will go through how to derive the FICK equation using different concepts including oxygen consumption, arterial saturation, venous saturation, dissolve oxygen, and hemoglobin. We will clearly explain how to understand the FICK equation and then hot to be able to better apply it in the clinical setting. Lastly, we will go over what clinical information you need to get the data required to calculate the FICK and subsequent cardiac output. 
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YouTube Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0G5amzUM4DY 
 

The Sodium Channel Blockers Basics - Class I Anti-arrrhythmic Drugs | Clinical Medicine

In this podcast we will discuss Class I Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs. We will start by discussing their sodium channel blockade mechanism as related to the cardiac action potential. We will also go into their variable effect on the potassium channels and how that changes the refractory period. We will relate their mechanism to how the cardiac action potential phases change and will draw out the new shape of these action potentials. We will then dive into indications and dysrhythmias. Lastly, we will discuss each subclass, the drugs included in each subclass, and again the changes within each subclass in the cardiac action potential. 
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YouTube Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5eu1uBxSMk 
 

Beta Blockers Basics - Class II Anti-arrhythmic Dugs | Clinical Medicine

In this podcast we will discuss Class II anti-arrhythmic drugs, also known as the beta blockers. We will begin by discussing their general mechanism of action. We will then dive into beta 1 versus beta 2 receptors, where they are found, and the different effects that blocking these two receptors can cause. We will then hone in on a list of cardioselective versus non-cardioselective beta blockers (with a pneumonic to assist in memorization!). Lastly, we will talk about the various indications for using beta blockers both including and beyond dysrhythmias. 
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YouTube Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNxo15IdGtU 
 

Potassium Channel Blockers Basics - Class III Anti-arrhythmic Drugs | Clinical Medicine

In this podcast we will discuss Class III anti-arrhythmic drugs, the potassium channel blockers. We will begin by discussing what these medications are and how they work as related to the cardiac action potential. We will then dive deeper into their prolongation of the QT interval as related to their prevention of re-entrant tachydysrrhythmias. Lastly, we will go through each of the potassium channel blockers, which arrhythmias they treat, and details about their mechanisms, adverse effects, and more. 
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Youtube Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3Al40NuDnY 
 

The Calcium Channel Blockers Basics - Class IV Anti-arrhythmics | Clinical Medicine

In this podcast we will discuss Class IV anti-arrhythmic drugs, the calcium channel blockers (CCB). We will start by discussing what the calcium channel blockers are and their multiple mechanisms of action, including actions on the cardiac myocytes, nodal cells, and vascular smooth muscle. We will relate these mechanisms to how they change both the nodal action potential and cardiac myocyte action potential in graphical form. Lastly, we will dive into the cardioselective/non-dihydropyridines versus the non-cardioselective/dihydropyridines. We will discuss the medications within each of these classes, their separate indication profiles, and their separate adverse effect profiles.
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YouTube Video:
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5 Proven Ways to Reduce High Blood Pressure Before Medications | Public Health

Looking for ways to manage high blood pressure without relying on medication? In this video, we share 5 strategies to help reduce your blood pressure and improve your overall heart health. Perfect for anyone managing hypertension or looking to prevent it through simple lifestyle changes.
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YouTube Video:
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Is Polio Back - History, Symptoms, Transmission, Vaccination/VDPV | Public Health

Polio has been all over the news recently after a case of Poliomyelitis sprung up in New York and subsequent wastewater testing showed Poliovirus within wastewater for months in New York, London, and even reports in Israel. News headlines are calling a Polio outbreak and reporting that scientists are on edge. In this podcast, we are going to address all of these things and make sure you all have an understanding of exactly what is going on and what to expect.
Polio has been around for thousands of years with its feared disease being poliomyelitis that can causes paralysis and death. Initial symptoms often include fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, neck stiffness, weakness. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
Two vaccination strategies are employed globally, one is an inactivated virus and one a live weakened virus. We discuss the difference between the two and why the live weakened viral vaccine is so widespread. Where is each being used?
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Link to YouTube Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZbQJoS9BSM 
 

Mpox Virus Overview - Signs, Causes, Diagnosis & Prevention Guide | Public Health

Mpox has found its way into the news as cases increase across the globe. Here, we discuss all things Mpox so that you can better understand what this virus and disease is, and whether it is something that you should be worried about! Mpox is part of the genus Orthopoxvirus, similar to Smallpox. Large, double-stranded DNA virus with a protective envelope around it. Less likely to mutate than RNA viruses like SARS-CoV-2. Endemic to Western and Central Africa with rare spread into United States, United Kingdom, Israel, Singapore in the past. 80-120 cases globally over the past few weeks in 11 countries, highly atypical for Mpox. More cases outside of Africa than in the last 50 years combined. Belgium, France, Portugal, United Kingdom, Italy, Sweden, France, Canada, United States all seeing cases. Zoonotic illness with most cases transmitting from animals like monkeys, squirrels, rats, mice, and other rodents to humans. Much less human to human transmission. Incubation period 6-13 days on average. Contact with blood, bodily fluids, active lesions in animals. Humans transmit it to one another through prolonged exposure to respiratory secretions or lesions. Potentially sexual contact as well. Starts with viral syndrome symptoms like fevers, bad headache, severe fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes after incubation period. Then pox rash most commonly on face, hands, feet. Can affect eyes as well! No definitive treatments, although smallpox vaccine 85% affective in prevention, IVIG for vaccinia may work, and Tecovirimat an anti-viral just approved in Europe in 2022.
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Link to YouTube Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrB_p-TRxyE 
 

Clinical Research and Statistics Basics - Understanding P-Values | Clinical Medicine

🎓 Confused about p-values or "statistical significance" in clinical research? In this podcast, we break down the concept of p-values in a simple, easy-to-understand way. Whether you're a medical student, researcher, healthcare professional, or interested public mastering this statistical concept is essential for interpreting clinical studies and evidence-based medicine.
✅ What You'll Learn:
What is a p-value in statistics?
How p-values are used in clinical trials and research papers
Common misconceptions about p-values
How to interpret statistical significance in medical research
 
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Link to YouTube Video:
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Mechanical Ventilation Basics - Waveforms/Scalars (Press, Flow, Volume) + Loops | Clinical Medicine

Ventilator waveforms, also known as scalars, and loops can be tricky topics to grasp. In this video we introduce the pressure, flow, and volume waveforms/scalars. We discuss their normal shapes, including how their shapes may change when the ventilator is in volume control versus pressure control. We correlate different parts of their shapes to what is happening physiologically or on the ventilator. We then go into how these shapes may change with different respiratory changes or ventilator adjustments. After that, we discuss the pressure:volume and flow:volume loops. Again, going into their normal shapes, including the lower and upper inflection points, and how these shapes may change depending on what respiratory abnormality is occurring.
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YouTube Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8pKZ3XYCOio